Erase arguments of phantom type

This commit removes arguments and parameter of phantom type from all applications.
Arguments are evaluated before the application in case they have side effects.

```
def foo(i: Int, p: SomePhantom) = ???

foo(42, { println("hello"); getSomePhantom })
```

becomes

```
def foo(i: Int) = ???

val x$0 = 42
val x$1 = { println("hello"); getSomePhantom }
foo(x$0)
```

Note that now `def foo(i: Int)` and def `foo(i: Int, p: SomePhantom)` erase to the same signature.

Tests for this commit where added in `Extra tests for Phantoms 1`, they where back ported as the semantics and runtime is not affected.

Author: nicolasstucki

tests/run/Fooooo.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import scala.reflect.ClassTag
+
+object Test {
+
+  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
+    bar1(Foo.a)
+    bar2(Foo.a)(null)
+  }
+
+  def bar1(ev: Foo.A) = ()
+  def bar2(ev: Foo.A)(implicit c: ClassTag[Int]) = implicitly[ClassTag[Int]]
+}
+
+object Foo extends Phantom {
+  type A <: this.Any
+  def a: A = assume
+}